Determining appropriate Blood Pressure (systemic BP & LVP) Acquisition Sample Rates and Filtering
This article covers the recommended Sample Rates (in Hz) to determine appropriate acquisition sample rates. The Sample rate recommendations are based upon heart rate and typical end points being calculated.
Blood Pressure
For reporting blood pressure endpoints (systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure) the sample rate recommendations is based on heart rate.
Maximum HR | HR value in Hz | Sample Rate at 6x HR | Sample Rate at 10x HR | Recommended Acquisition Sample Rate | Reporting Endpoints |
200 bpm | 3.33 Hz | 20 Hz | 33.33 Hz |
250 Hz |
For systemic or ventricular pressure: Systolic, Diastolic, Mean Blood Pressure |
300 bpm | 5 Hz |
30 Hz |
50 Hz | 250 Hz | |
500 bpm | 8.33 Hz | 50 Hz | 83.3 Hz | 250 Hz | |
1000 bpm | 16.67 Hz | 100 Hz | 166.7 Hz | 250 Hz | |
2000 bpm | 33.33 Hz | 200 Hz | 333.3 Hz | 500 Hz |
Low Pass Filter
A low pass filter can be used to remove frequency content above 6x (Nyquist theorem) or 10x (Geddes rule) the frequency of interest.
Reference Publications:
Geddes, L. A. (1991). Handbook of blood pressure measurement. NJ.: Humana Press.
Sarazan, R. D. (2014). Cardiovascular pressure measurement in safety assessment studies: Technology requirements and potential errors. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods, 70(3), 210–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2014.06.003
Left Ventricular Pressure
For reporting the first derivative of the pressure waveform (dP/dt) to report (dP/dtmin or dP/dtmax, for index of contractility and index of relaxation, respectively) the sample rate recommendations is based on the maximum value of dP/dt, in mmHg/s.
Maximum dP/dt value | Minimum Required Sample Rate (10x frequency of interest) | Recommended Sample Rate | Reporting Endpoints |
10,000 mmHg/sec (canine, NHP) | 100 Hz | 1000 Hz | dP/dtmax (+dP/dt), dP/dtmin (-dP/dt) |
Low Pass Filter
A low pass filter is not recommended to be applied to the LVP signal when dP/dtmax or dP/dtmin is being reported as this is likely to impact the results.
Reference Publications:
Sarazan, R. D., Kroehle, J., & Main, B. W. (2012). Left ventricular pressure, contractility, and dP/dtmax in nonclinical drug safety assess. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods, (66), 71–78.
Sarazan, R. D. (2014). Cardiovascular pressure measurement in safety assessment studies: Technology requirements and potential errors. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods, 70(3), 210–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2014.06.003
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